Citizen Journalism Essay -- Analysis, Joan Cornell

Joan Cornell notes that the Internet democratizes the journalism which was in the hand of the few people (2003). The Internet makes the public access to information; at the same time, it creates the public to be journalists, opening blogs to put something new around on the Internet. Many news websites like The Guardian, the Washington Post, CNN and MSNBC allows some personification. The journalism nowadays is facing challenges not only from media and technology convergence, but also from audience they serve (Bowman and Willis 2003). For example, in MSNBC’s my MSN part, one can post news by yourself. While the audience are participating in the process of journalism with the aid of the Internet, it cannot be neglected by mainstream media. The personification does not just mean service customised, but also more perspectives are evolved in the news event, as noted by Watts Wacker (2002). Many media sites online have been founded with different aims mentioned, but their appearance demonstrates that the age of we media comes. OhmyNews International (OMNI), originating from Korea, defines itself as international journalists (OhmyNews online site). OMNI is a bit different from OhmyNews, because it concentrates more on reporting citizen journalism, which is more like guidance for people to get a better understanding about citizen journalism. They treat themselves as a bridge between media and Internet, where the ordinary can participate in conversations about news and trust the source of news. Even though creating a platform for the ordinary to be provide news, they need to obey the rule of journalism: that is to state clear the source of news and make sure the credibility. Besides the ordinary, curators are recruited to post news about ... ...ernative to mainstream journalism, but can never replace it. With the emergence of citizen journalism, traditional journalism can develop in the environment of more competitors and watchdogs. It is undeniable that citizen journalism is rising as another forceful power in the media industry. With democratization of traditional media, interactivity and watchdog as its characteristics, citizen journalism treats itself as new journalists. Citizen journalism makes news making process transparency, namely available to all. Right now, no one can predict the position citizen journalism in the media industry in the future, but in this changing environment as online journalism is becoming essential, citizen journalism can play an alternative role for the public to access news. What is more important is that it drives the public to actively select news and judge the news.

Weimar Republic – Political, Social and Economic Issues

Political, economic and social issues in the Weimar Republic to 1929 Year 12 Modern History 2013 * Mrs Lynch Jenni Hamilton Due Date; 26th of March 2013 Word Count; 1,665 The collapsement of the Weimar Republic was due to many social, political and economical issues within. From its birth it faced numerous political problems, for which the causes were many and varied. These problems included political instability, deep divisions within society and economic crisis; problems were constantly appearing for the new government.The Weimar Republic never really had a stable political party, having a whole six different parties between 1924-1928 does not create stability. Many of these parties were also narrowly sectioned, with messed up priorities such as to look after the interests of class area of religion that they represented within the Weimar Republic, loyalty to democracy was of least importance. In 1929 the misery that had aided the efforts of Weimar’s enemies in the early 20s had been relieved by five years of economic growth and rising incomes.Germany had been admitted to the League of Nations and is once more an accepted member of the international community. The bitterness at Germany's defeat in the Great War and the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles had not been forgotten but most Germans appear to have come to terms with the new Republic and its leaders. Gustav Stresemann had decided to take on the job of leading a battle for a policy he felt was in his nation’s vital interest even though he was tired and ill and knew that the opposition would be stubborn. Stresemann was the major force in negotiating and guiding the Young Plan through a ‘plebiscite’.This plan although opposed by those on the right-wing won majority approval and further reduced Germany’s reparations payments. The Weimar Republic was a bold experiment. It was Germany's first democracy, a state in which elected representatives had real power. The new W eimar constitution attempted to blend the European parliamentary system with the American presidential system. In the pre- World War I period, only men twenty-five years of age and older had the right to vote, and their elected representatives had very little power. The Weimar constitution gave all men and women twenty years of age the right to vote.Women made up more than 52% of the potential electorate, and their support was vital to the new Republic. From a ballot, which often had thirty or more parties on it, Germans chose legislators who would make the policies that shaped their lives. Parties spanning a broad political spectrum from Communists on the far left to National Socialists (Nazis) on the far right competed in the Weimar elections. The Chancellor and the Cabinet needed to be approved by the Reichstag (legislature) and needed the Reichstag's continued support to stay in power.Although the constitution makers expected the Chancellor to be the head of government, they inc luded emergency provisions that would ultimately undermine the Republic. Gustav Stresemann was briefly Chancellor in 1923 and for six years foreign minister and close advisor to Chancellors. The constitution gave emergency powers to the directly elected President and made him the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. In times of crisis, these presidential powers would prove decisive.During the stable periods, Weimar Chancellors formed legislative majorities based on coalitions primarily of the Social Democrats, the Democratic Party, and the Catholic Center Party, all moderate parties that supported the Republic. As the economic situation deteriorated in 1930, and many disillusioned voters turned to extremist parties, the Republic's supporters could no longer command a majority. German democracy could no longer function as its creators had hoped. Ironically by 1932, Adolf Hitler, a dedicated enemy of the Weimar Republic, was the only political leader capable of commanding a legisla tive majority.On January 30, 1933, an aged President von Hindenburg reluctantly named Hitler Chancellor of the Republic. Using his legislative majority and the support of Hindenburg's emergency presidential powers, Hitler proceeded to destroy the Weimar Republic. Germany emerged from World War I with huge debts incurred to finance a costly war for almost five years. The treasury was empty, the currency was losing value, and Germany needed to pay its war debts and the huge reparations bill imposed on it by the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war.The treaty also deprived Germany of territory, natural resources, and even ships, trains, and factory equipment. Germany’s population was undernourished and contained many widows, orphans, and disabled veterans living in poverty. The new German government struggled to deal with these crises, which had produced a serious hyperinflation. By 1924, after years of crisis management and attempts at tax and finance reform, th e economy was stabilised with the help of foreign, particularly American, loans. This relative â€Å"golden age† was reflected in the strong support for moderate pro-Weimar political parties in the 1928 elections.However, economic disaster struck with the onset of the world depression in 1929. The American stock market crash and bank failures led to a recall of American loans to Germany. This development added to Germany's economic hardship. Mass unemployment and suffering followed. Many Germans became increasingly disillusioned with the Weimar Republic and began to turn toward radical anti-democratic parties whose representatives promised to relieve their economic hardships. The government no longer had sufficient resources to support the German economy, but continued to print paper money.This caused rapid inflation, which Germany used as an excuse for not being able to pay its second instalment towards the reparations. The French government, however, decided to force German y to pay. It did this by sending French and Belgian troops to the industrial heartland of Germany, the Ruhr to collect reparations still owing to them, but the German Chancellor called for â€Å"passive resistance† by the workers of the Ruhr; a refusal to co-operate with the troops. This, however, led to the collapse of the German economy, as the government was forced to print more paper money in order to pay the striking workers in the Ruhr.This caused hyperinflation as Germany was not producing anything; its industrial heartland had been destroyed and yet the number of notes in its economy was increasing. The German currency soon became worthless and prices were constantly rising (For example, an American dollar in July 1914 was worth about 4 marks, whilst in November 1923, its equivalent in marks was 4,000,000,000,000 marks). This struggle is then proved by Gustav Stresemann in the following source; â€Å"We in Germany in recent years have lived on borrowed money, if a cr isis ever hits us and the American withdraw their short-term credits then we would be bankrupt †¦ e are not only militarily disarmed, we are also financially disarmed† The social effects of this hyperinflation were disastrous, particularly for the German middle classes who had lost all their savings and pensions as a result. Then, in September 1923, Gustav Stresemann called for the end of passive resistance in order to begin the restoration of the German economy. This led to great political humiliation however, as it showed that Germany had been forced to do what the French wanted.This led to the Munich Putsch, which was an attempt by the Nazi Party leader, Adolf Hitler to overthrow the government; Hitler was determined to show the German people that not all Germans were going to accept what the French had forced the German government to do. Bavarian police broke up the revolt however and Hitler was arrested. In Saxony, there was another revolt against the republic, but t his was a communist revolt and a communist government was set up, but Stresemann ordered this government to resign or else it would face military action.Therefore, the Ruhr Crisis led to economic collapse, political humiliation, dissatisfaction within society, further opposition to the Weimar Republic and finally, it’s devastating effects caused people to start looking towards extreme solutions. The Weimar Republic, in spite of all its problems, did survive the crisis that had befallen it between 1919 and 1923; even though it had inspired violent political opposition from right and left wing groups, it had faced a devastating economic situation creating a high level of discontent within society, and had brought about serious political humiliation upon itself, it had still managed to survive.All these problems contributed to the political difficulties which Weimar faced during its first few years; a general hatred amongst Germans of the new system and constant opposition towar ds it. The political issue of the Treaty of Versailles was probably the most important individual cause of Weimar's crisis however. It had been the Treaty of Versailles that caused nationalist opposition to Weimar and theGerman nation to step down to a second class power, losing much of its territory, having extreme military restrictions imposed on it, and it had been the treaty of Versailles that had brought about reparations, leading Germany into an extremely difficult economic situation causing further social tensions, and it had been this treaty that had inspired communist opposition by bringing about the need to get Germany back to work, causing the majority socialists (SPD) to cooperate with the old order.It can be argued that this treaty was responsible for most of the hatred of the German people towards Weimar between 1919 and 1923, but on the other hand, Germany would not have been able to negotiate peace had they not signed the treaty. Germany managed to survive this crisi s of economic collapse, political humiliation and dissatisfaction within society. Bibliography; Secondary Sources – * Republic to Reich, A history of Germany 1918-1939 Third Edition: K J Mason; Published 2007 * http://www. ohndclare. net/weimar5_affleck. htm Primary Source – * Republic to Reich, A history of Germany 1918-1939 Third Edition: K J Mason; Published 2007 Gustav Stresemann – page 43 â€Å"We in Germany in recent years have lived on borrowed money, if a crisis ever hits us and the American withdraw their short-term credits then we would be bankrupt †¦ we are not only militarily disarmed, we are also financially disarmed†

Analysis Of Homer s The Iliad - 899 Words

Homer s poem The Iliad is a prime example of your protagonist and antagonist going against each other, With one main character Achilles fueled by his all consuming wrath and need for vengeance, and the other main character Hektor fueled by his obligation and desire to guard his city and protect his family. Homer s Iliad has been open to several different interpretations and different versions have circulated even in Greek art. The Harvard Collection has a vase in it that tells a similar but very different version of Achilles tale. On this vase painting we see Achilles reclining in his char eating, laying below where he eats lies Hektor s corpse. His corpse is placed beneath Achilles as if he is a rug, in the left of the painting (as if catching Achilles by surprise is Hektor s old father Priam who appears to be begging at Achilles knees, and to the right of the painting is Achilles battle amour. The scene depicted by the painter shows how Achilles anger has become his obsession, you can almost see a crazed look painted for Achilles expression. In the painting the author is very detailed oriented as can be seen with Hektors corpse. Details are painted onto Hektors body to show that his ankles had been bound and scratches and marks on the body are to indicate the body had been tossed around. The artist focuses completely on Achilles anger or obsession in contrast to Homers version of the poem which spends more time building to the climax of the story, and developing itsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Homer s The I liad Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Iliad is a tale of war and aggression (Puchner 183). Written in the 8th century, it remains relevant to society today. The basis of the Iliad, warfare, brings with it portrayals of death, grief, and the real problem with humankind: we are not peaceful beings. In a war-ridden world, these topics remain pertinent to society. These terrors of war showcased in the Iliad generate an anti-war message. With this said, Homer creates a timeless lesson against war with his work. While the Iliad has beenRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad997 Words   |  4 Pagesare set up in a way such that the audience must believe at least one party loves another. How they act on behalf of this love is perhaps a testimony to the strength of their love and heroic status. Taking this structure at face value, in Homer’s The Iliad, Hector shows the most modern form of heroism in Book Six. He chooses to fight rather than see his loved wife fall to the Achaeans, while others throughout the story view their women as prizes and choose to fight- or not- based on very different values;Read MoreAnalysis Of The Homer s The Iliad Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesPoor leadership is devastating in The Iliad.. Homer recognizes this, making a particular effort to demonstrate what traits constitute effective leadership. It is crucial, therefore, to determine exactly how Homer presents this idea in order to gain a coherent understanding of his beliefs. With Homer’s convic tions in mind, the individual gifts of these war leaders shine rather brightly. One can then begin to analyze them, deciding for oneself who fits Homer’s ideas the best. Assuredly, each of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad 1310 Words   |  6 Pagesunity in his tale. Homer was a writer who performed this feat throughout the entirety of the Iliad and showed his unique ability to weave a tale full of similes that both enhanced and unified his story. Although Homer used a variety of subjects in his similes, and many of them had a common thread. Homer’s unique ability was to create a tale so descriptive that the listener was able to fully immerse him or herself into the story. His usage of similes magnified this ability. Homer focused on the commonRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad887 Words   |  4 PagesIn Homer’s the Iliad there are two types of culture which are shame and honor. The Greeks rank great significance on personal honor. Why is tha t? The reason being is that to them honor means the ability to fight and be triumphant on the battle field. There are many ways honor is obtained to the Greeks, another way to prove your honor is to reveal athletic abilities. Meanwhile, the shame culture has a different concept to the Greeks. Shame meant to have good morals towards others and it is a moreRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad866 Words   |  4 PagesIn Homer’s The Iliad, women can often be overshadowed by the strong male warriors that dominate the epic poem. However, many women in The Iliad are central to the plot; without these women the poem would have a drastically different story. The influence of women in The Iliad varies from woman to woman, usually having some effect on the plot, but the extent of their involvement is typically dependent on their status in society. However, even when a woman is in a position of great power, she is stillRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Iliad 1382 Words   |  6 PagesRy an Doerhoff History of Greece Dr. Kirkland September 5, 2014 Document Analysis The primary documents that will be focused on in this analysis come from Homer’s Iliad. Homer is venerated today as the greatest of Greek epic poets, as his works had a colossal impact on the history of literature. Through his epics, Homer brings us first hand into the culture of the Greek world in the eighth century B.C. It is important to note that at this time very few had the privilege of an education, and lackedRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad 1177 Words   |  5 Pagesto the powerful, hardheaded fighters that generally appear in The Iliad. His purpose in The Iliad is to demonstrate, through tact and strategic ability, that strength and brawn isn’t all that compose a hero. Odysseus, the great tactician, isn’t known as the brawn, but the brain of the Achaian army. When compared with Menelaos, â€Å"Menelaos was bigger by his broad shoulders, but Odysseus was the more lordly† (III, 210). Here, Homer is intentionally lessening Odysseus’ physical prowess to uphold hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesA major theme seen in Homer’s The Iliad is one of war and the politics that play a role in it. A key part of politics is the interactions that take place between people when determining policies and courses of action. The focus of this paper will be on the interactions between the Greek leaders and the army in the opening of book 2. There will be a section where I will analyze these interactions and provide evidence showing what degree I believe the Greek leaders care about their army. The way thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad993 Words   |  4 Pages In Homer’s The Iliad, we learn that the mother and father relationships within the family is very important, but we don’t want to overlook the brothers. For instance, in the Greek and Trojan families, it was one way to bring everyone together. The brotherhood of Agamemnon and Menelaus, and Hector and Paris illustrates their devotion. Book Six of The Iliad comprehends several illustrations of how honor strengthens the bond between both brother’s Agamemnon and Menelaus and Hector and Paris. Glory

Profile of Michael Skakel - Part One

Michael Skakel: Michael Skakel should have had it all - wealth, security, friends in high places, but something went terribly wrong. Being a nephew to the Kennedy clan failed to protect him from himself and problems for Michael started early. In an autobiography proposal that he was trying to sell to a publisher, Skakel described his rage, his learning disability, alcoholism and sibling jealousy. Twenty-seven years later, a jury decided that his personal demons led him to bludgeon 15-year-old Martha Moxley to death with a golf club. Silver Spoons: Michael Skakel was born on October 19, 1960 to Rushton and Anne Skakel. He was the middle son of six siblings and grew up in a large home in the gated wealthy community of Belle Haven in Greenwich, Conn. Rushton Skakel Sr., the brother of Ethel Skakel Kennedy, who was married to the late Robert F. Kennedy, was chairman of the Great Lakes Carbon Corp. The Skakels were part of Americas elite, enjoying an exclusive place in society, wealth, and a home in one of the richest towns in the U.S. Anne Skakel: In 1973 Anne Skakel died from cancer. Michael was 12 years old and devastated at the loss of his mother. Anne was a central part of his life and Michael blamed himself for her death, pointing at his poor attention to his prayers as the reason. The balance that Anne had kept inside the Skakel household was gone and a kind of sibling chaos took over. Rushton Skakel spent much of his time at work, leaving the kids on their own or with hired tutors or live-in sitters. Michaels Miserable School Years: Michael was a terrible student, suffering from undiagnosed dyslexia. His father was constantly lecturing him on improving his study skills. He flunked out of numerous private schools and by the age of 13 he was a self described, full-blown daily-drinking alcoholic. Danger Signs: As a kid, Michael had earned the reputation as being violent and quick to lose his temper. He also was known for torturing and killing birds and squirrels then displaying them in an almost ritualistic way. His quick temper and spoiled nature effected his relationship with the neighborhood kids and often parents would disapprove of their children associating with the volatile Skatel boys. Brotherly Rivalry: Tommy, Michaels older brother, was more popular and had a way with the neighborhood girls. According to Mark Furhmans book, Murder in Greenwich there was a strong rivalry between the two brothers, with Tommy often coming out on the top. This was especially difficult for Michael to accept when he found himself attracted to the same girls as his brother. The Murder of Martha Moxley: In October 1975, Tommy and Michael became suspects in the murder of 15-year-old Martha Moxley, a friend and neighbor of the boys. It was mischief night the night before Halloween, and Martha Moxley and friends were out spraying shaving cream and ringing doorbells before stopping over at the Skakels. Martha left the Skakels for home between 9:30 and 11:00 p.m. but never made it. The Golf Club: The following day her bludgeoned body was found under a tree in her yard. Her jeans were pulled down, but no evidence of a sexual assault was found. The weapon, an expensive Toney Penna golf club, was found with a shattered shaft, with a jagged piece of it lodged in Marthas neck. Investigators traced the club to a set belonging the boys deceased mother, Anne Skakel. The Alibi: This discovery put the prime focus on the Skakel household. After interviewing Marthas friends, including the Skakels, the police ruled out Michael Skakel as a suspect because he was at a friends house during the time Martha was murdered. Tommy Skakel and a newly hired tutor, Ken Littleton,who was living at the Skakel home, remained on the top of the suspect list, but no arrests were made in the case. The Drinking Problem: Michaels daily drinking escalated and in 1978 he was arrested in New York for driving while intoxicated. In an agreement with the state to drop the charges, Michael was sent off to Elan School in Poland Spring, Maine where he was treated for alcoholism. Primal Screaming: The Elan School had a series of group therapy and private sessions where students were encouraged to participate in primal screaming and come clean about incidents in their lives which caused them guilt and sorrow. It was during this time at Elan that Michael supposedly admitted to his father and members of the Elan staff that he was involved in Martha Moxleys murder, (a point now denied by his attorney). Sobriety: After Michael left Elan, he continued to battle his alcoholism, entering different rehabilitation centers. In his early 20s he began living a sober life. He was diagnosed with dyslexia and entered Curry College in Massachusetts which focused on students with learning disabilities. After his graduation he married golf pro, Margot Sheridan and spent much of his time preparing and competing in speed skiing events. William Kennedy Smith: In 1991, the Moxley investigation was reopened after rumors circulated during the trial of William Kennedy Smith, that William was at the Skakel home on the night Moxley was murdered. The press was also interested in the case and many of the original principals were interviewed. Although the rumor of Smiths presence in the home proved to false, the public eye was once again focusing in on the Skakel boys, Tommy and Michael.

Property Of The American Political Thought - 1382 Words

Property in the American Political Thought The concept of property has long been one of the most crucial aspects for the U.S. citizens, as it is a major part of the Constitutional, and, therefore, human rights. Although the perception and understanding of â€Å"property† have been considerably changed, especially in terms of political and philosophical vision, it still has a particular meaning for the Americans. In general, the idea of property is the question of the political thought and conceptualized thinking common for the United States. In most cases, its transformations are connected to the introduction of capitalism and related governmental decision in politics. Therefore, as any other topic, the value of property has undergone harsh debates. In particular, such important figures as James Fenimore Cooper, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Walt Whitman have developed a fundamental scope of analyses with regard to the property rights in America. In fact, the U.S. civil and property rights have a legal hierarchical organization, where the property rights stay in between the constitutional power and individual civil rights. In the 5th Amendment, the aspect of private property is mentioned as â€Å"nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation†(1273). This is the clearest example of private property protection in the United States and its initial value. Besides, the Declaration of Independence relates the property rights to the issues of equality and theShow MoreRelatedJean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke: Their Relevance for American Society 1811 Words   |  7 Pagesprotect individuals’ rights. Locke, believes that each individual has a right to life, liberty and property. Private property is so vital to Locke because man earns the right to property through labor which shows that not only are individual rights important, but also advancement of individual interests. Rousseau, however, does not go along with Locke’s idea of individualism. Instead Rousseau’s political philosophy is encapsulated in the idea of the general will and he theorizes that an individual’sRead MoreThe Challenge For Property Qualifications For Voting907 Words   |  4 PagesOne basis of political democracy in this period was the challenge to property qualifications for voting. It began in the American Revolution but culminated in the early nineteenth century. After the Revolution, no new state required property ownership to vote, and in older states, constitutional conventions in the 1820s and 1830s abolished property qualifications, partly because the growing number of wage earners who did not own much property demanded the vote. In the South, however, where largeRead MoreNasty, Brutish, And Short By Thomas Hobbes Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagespoetic description of pre-political life that is invariably repeated in just about every political science p rogram throughout the Western world. It is a phrase that motivates a strikingly persuasive argument for the solution of government. For Hobbes, this is the State of Nature, and thus the precursory basis for human politics. However, his pessimistic view of the State of Nature has been refuted by other men of great intellectual influence. Another giant in the world of political theory, John Locke,Read MoreAndrew Jackson Vs. Jacksonian Democracy1142 Words   |  5 PagesUsing the third chapter of The American Political Tradition analyzes the career of Andrew Jackson and the concept of â€Å"Jacksonian Democracy.† and other source materials. I will compare and contract Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. They both being influential political figures in two very different eras. Each formed their own democracy that helped shape the way we think about American government. Consequently, they had their differences, yet they also had their similarities. From many viewpointsRead More Audrey Hofstadter Summary: The Founding Fathers: The Age of Realism 1580 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween democracy and tyranny is discussed as the Founding Fathers who envisioned the Constitution in Philadelphia in 1787 believed not in total democracy, but instead saw common man as selfish and contemptuous, and therefore in need of a a good political constitution to control him. Being a largely propertied body, with the exception of William Few, who was the only one who could honestly be said to represent the majority yeoman farmer class, the highly privileged classes were fearful of grantingRead MoreThe United States Of America1484 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica has a notoriety for being a reference point of liberty and diversity from the colonial period of it s history. From the earliest starting point, notwithstanding, American liberties were attached to a blend of religious and ethnic affiliations that special a few tenants of North America over others. Although European thoughts of liberty set the tone for what was conceivable, those freedoms looked to some degree changed in pioneer North America, where indigenous and African people groups andRead MoreWomens Suffrage in the 1800’s-19th Century Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunity for an education, their voting rights, ownership of property, and being employed. As mentioned above, women’s role were unjust to the roles and freedoms of the men, so an advanced education for women was a strongly debated subject at the beginning of the nineteenth century (McElligott 1). The thought of a higher chance of education for women was looked down upon, in the early decades of the nineteenth century (The American Pageant 327). It was established that a women’s role took partRead MoreThe Legacy Of The American Revolutionary War1435 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish philosopher John Locke once said, â€Å"Where there is no property, there is no injustice†; a statement that would play a pivotal role on the American Founder’s philosophy. After the American Revolutionary war, the U.S Government, or lack of, was failing under the Articles of Confederation as the law of the land. The Founders knew they had to develop a more stable central government for fear of tearing the nation apart. The Constitution Americans abide by today was then created, but not was not a unanimousRead MoreEdmund Burke and Thomas Paine: A Comparative Analysis of Their Views on the French Revolution913 Words   |  4 Pageswas subversive of social order, while in The Rights of Man the radical democrat Thomas Paine insisted that all human beings had equal rights and citizenship. Burke had been a defender of the American Revolution because he thought that it had upheld the traditional English rights of life, liberty and property. Paine had participated directly in it, working with Benjamin Franklin to write a democratic constitution for Pennsylvania in 1776, as well as the famous pamphlet Common Sense that justifiedRead MoreJohn Locke And James Harrington Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagescultural melting pot. With these cultures comes the application of a wide-range of philosophies. Political Philosophers such as John Locke and James Harrington along with the seekers of religious freedom the Pilgrims set a standard for government’s rol e in American’s lives. This standard is then transformed into what James Madison referred to as â€Å"factions† or as contemporary Americans would refer to as Political parties. All of these variables thus factor into how American’s view law and order represented

Congenital Adrenal Hyper Plasia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

To, find the clinical presentation of inborn adrenal hyperplasia and to detect the short term response to intervention. Design: Case series survey. Topographic point AND DURATION OF STUDY: The survey extended over a period of one twelvemonth from July 2007 To July 2008 in Paediatric section Chandka Medical College Larkana. We will write a custom essay sample on Congenital Adrenal Hyper Plasia Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now MATERIAL AND METHODS: All kids showing with purging desiccation, daze, failure to boom and equivocal genital organs were examined and investigated exhaustively. The chief stay of the diagnosing was raised degree of serum 17OHP in kid with implicative clinical characteristic. Consequence: A sum of 30 kids were found to hold CAH during the survey period. The major clinical characteristics a presentation were purging 8 ( 26.7 % ) , equivocal genital organs 7 ( 23.3 % ) emesis and failure to boom 1 ( 3.3 % ) . All the patients were followed up after induction of intervention and response was observed. Decision: The survey highlights the importance of common clinical symptoms like, purging being the presenting characteristics of CAH and the effectivity of the replacing therapy in bettering life endangering exigencies due to this status. Cardinal WORDS: Congenitaladrenalhyperphase ( CAH ) ,17 hydroxyprogesterone ( 17 OHP ) , cytochrome P 450 protein ( CYP ) . correspondence to: Dr. Shanti Lal, Assistant Professor Pediatricss *Dr. Abdul Ghani Shaikh Assistant Professor Surgery ** Dr. Amanullah Abassi Assistant Professor Urology Chandka Medical College, Larkana dr.shantilal @ yahoo.com Introduction CAH is a familial upset characterized by a lack in the endocrine hydrocortisone and aldosterone and an over production of the endocrine androgen, which is present at birth and affects sexual development. The upset is inherited as an autosomal recessive defect in congenital enzyme synthesis. As such there is history of early neonatal decease in the household. The clinical manifestations of the disease relate to the grade of hydrocortisone lack, aldosterone lack, or lack of both and, in some instances, to the accretion of precursor adrenocortical endocrines. These precursors cause abnormalcies such as masculinization or high blood pressure when nowadays in supraphysiologic concentration many of the enzymes involved in hydrocortisone and aldosterone syntheses are cytochrome p450 proteins designated CYP. CYP21 refers to 21-hydroxylase, CYP11B1 refers to 11-beta-hydroxylase, and CYP17 refers to 17-alpha-hydroxylase. Excess adrenal androgen production begins in early foetal life in authori tative CAH-21 affected babies, and causes unnatural growing of misss ‘ button and masculinisation of the genital-urinary constructions. Badly affected misss may be mistaken for male childs at birth. Affected male childs have no venereal deformities at birth, but continued androgen extra causes remarkably fast organic structure growing. Inappropriately early pubescence leads to premature completion of growing and short concluding grownup height [ 1- 3 ] . Severe signifiers of inborn adrenal hyperplasia are potentially fatal if unrecognised and untreated because of the terrible hydrocortisone and aldosterone lacks that result in salt cachexia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, desiccation, and hypotension [ 1,6,7 ] . Females with some signifiers of adrenal hyperplasia ( i.e. , CYP21 lack, CYP11B1, partial 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase lack ) have equivocal genital organs at birth ( authoritative masculinizing adrenal hyperplasia ) or later become virilized in childhood ( simple masculinizing adrenal hyperplasia ) or in adolescence and maturity ( nonclassic masculinizing adrenal hyperplasia ) . Males with CYP21 lack are non by and large identified in the neonatal period because their genital organs are normal. If the defect is terrible, ensuing in salt cachexia, these male babies are seen at 1-4 hebdomads of age because of failure to boom, recurrent emesis, desiccation, and daze. Some babies are ab initio misdiagnosed with stomach flu o r pyloric stricture [ 1,2,6 ] . Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia should raise the possibility of adrenal inadequacy. Two signifiers of adrenal hyperplasia ( i.e. , CYP11B1 lack, CYP17 lack ) consequence in high blood pressure [ 1,2,6,7 ] Congenital adrenal hyperplasia occur among people of all races. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia because all signifiers of inborn adrenal hyperplasia are autosomal recessionary upsets, both sexes are affected with equal frequence [ 1 ] . All kids including neonate who have purging and/or desiccating are diagnosed as acute stomach flu. This consequences in certain congenital mistakes of metamorphosis particularly CAH being overlooked, unsuitably treated and consequences in increasing preventable mortality earlier in life. The intent of survey is to depict our experience of placing CAH in footings of their presentation and short term intervention. Patients AND METHODS This crossectional survey was carried out in paediatric section of Chandka Medical College Larkana from July 2007 to July 2008. The chief purpose of the survey was to happen out the chief manners of presentation of CAH and to see the response of intervention on short term footing. A successful response to replacement therapy observed within a period of two to four was surcease of emesis, need for endovenous fluid therapy and failure to boom. All patients suspected to hold CAH i.e. with clinical characteristics and raised serum degrees of 170HP were included in the survey. A elaborate history ( purging, failure to boom, sibling decease ) followed by thorough physical scrutiny ( blood force per unit area, hydration, misss for equivocal genital organs and male childs for precocious pubescence ) was carried out. Probes done included complete blood count, blood sugar, serum carbamide and electrolytes ( Na 130 – 150 mmol/l ; potassium 3.5 – 4.0 mmol/l ) , karyotyping and serum17OHP degrees ( Normal A ; lt ; 100 ng/dl ) . Classical salt blowing assortment have 17 OHP degrees A ; gt ; 2000 mg/dl ; Classical virilizing A ; gt ; 1000 ng/dl and nonclassical = 100 – 200 ng/dl. Karyotyping was done in patients with equivocal genital organs to set up the diagnosing of CAH in our survey. Classically they had to be female karyotype who was virilized [ 4 ] . Patients that had other grounds for equivocal genital organs and failure to boom like nephritic cannular defects etc were excluded from the survey. All probes were carried out in Pathology Department Chandka Medical College Larkana except 17 OHP and Karyotyping from Agha Khan University Laboratory. All patients were treated with replacing therapy including cortisol 50 mg/M2 stat followed by 1000 milligram / M2/ twenty-four hours 6 hourly, tapered to 20 milligrams / M2 /day. In salt losing assortment ab initio normal saline 20 milliliter / kilogram was repeated if necessary followed by florinated steroid ( fludrocortisone – 0.15 milligram / M2 ) was given. The response to the criterion paediatric pattern was studied. Consequence Sum of 30 patients were diagnosed to hold CAH. The age scope of kids was from 4 to 180 yearss with a average age at the clip of presentation was 39.67 yearss. ( table-1 -fig-1 ) the sex distribution was about equal ( table-2-fig-2 ) . The chief clinical characteristics included emesis, equivocal genital organ, desiccation and failure to boom ( table-3 ) . Probes of all the patients showed raised degrees of 17OHP. Karyotyping was done in patients with equivocal genital organs. All instances diagnosed to hold CAH were put on replacing therapy. Short term response was observed after a period of 4 hebdomads. All instances showed positive response shortly after the induction of therapy. The patients who presented with failure to boom started deriving weight. As emesis was the major symptom at presentation, it responded good to intervention. Children showing with equivocal genital organs were put on replacing therapy and subsequently referred for surgical intervention i.e. clitoroplasty. Discussion CAH is chiefly disease of early babyhood as the average age of presentation in our survey is 39 yearss. It is widely present all over the universe with equal male to female ratio [ 1,2 ] . The present survey besides shows the same consequence with average age of presentation being 39.67 yearss. However there is little male preponderance in our survey ( 56.7 % ) . Clinical characteristics observed in this survey are in conformance with other surveies.The frequent manners of presentation include purging, equivocal genital organ ( Fig-1 ) , daze and failure to boom [ 1,2 ] . Some patients presented merely one symptom and other with two or three marks and symptoms together Table-1: Outstanding characteristics of the 30 instances studied. Average age of presentation ( yearss ) 39.67 Male: female ratio 1.5:1 Major symptom/sign ( purging n equivocal genital organs 10 ( 33.3 % ) Positive Family history/Neonatal decease 10 ( 33 % ) Figure: 1 Equivocal Genitalia Ambiguous Genitalia Table-2: Gender distribution. No of Patients Percentages Female 13 43.3 % Male 17 56.7 % Table-3: Presenting characteristics of the instances. No of Patients Percentages Vomiting 8 26.7 % Equivocal genital organs 7 2.3 % Vomiting and equivocal genital organs 10 33.3 % Failure to boom 1 3.3 % Daze 4 13.3 % Figure: 2 Equivocal Genitalia Ambiguous Genitalia Table-4: Treatment. No of Patients Percentages Hydrocortisone 7 23.3 % Hydrocortisone and fluodrocortisone 23 76.7 % Most of the kids in our survey presented with relentless purging since birth. This was ab initio thought of, because of enteric obstructor like pyloric stricture or simple regurgitation of milk, which is much more common in immature babies. Vomiting, as the lone presenting characteristic makes the diagnosing small hard but it is frequently associated with equivocal genital organs particularly in females i.e. clitoromegaly. Females are recognized because of equivocal genital organs, but males have normal genital organs and are non diagnosed until subsequently, frequently with a salt losing crisis [ 8 ] . Another of import clinical mark was failure to boom. It was present along with emesis and besides as the lone presenting characteristic. Salt also-rans besides presented in a province of daze. The criterion for diagnosing was raised degrees of 17OHP [ 4,5 ] . As the diagnostic installations are easy available, diagnosing at an early age with induction of intervention is possible. 21 h ydroxylase lacks ( CYP 21 ) is the most common signifier. Approximately 50 % of patients with authoritative inborn adrenal hyperplasia from CYP 21 lack have salt blowing due to inadequate aldosterone synthesis. One tierce of patients in our survey presented with grounds of salt blowing [ 8 ] . Bing an autosomal recessionary upset, there is 25 % opportunity that the status will be found in the siblings of the patient. In our survey there was an increased incidence ( 33 % of the patients ) of upset in siblings of patients in our survey. Incidence in all the patients could non be found as some of the patients were the first issues of the parents. Even in those, in whom the upset was suspected, merely clinical diagnosing was thought of on the footing of early neonatal decease. However attempts should be made in set uping antenatal diagnosing possible as intrauterine Decadron during the first trimester helps in cut downing opportunities of equivocal genital organ. This is done via chorio nic villus trying in first trimester at 8 hebdomads gestation [ 1-3 ] . Amniocentesis at 12 hebdomads can besides be done. As a antenatal direction step, Dexamethasone ( 10 – 20 ug /kg / twenty-four hours ) at diagnosing of gestation is started. Stop the intervention in male childs and unaffected misss. Affected misss in whom Decadron should be continued, maternal urinary estriol ( mark A ; lt ; 375 ng/ deciliter ) are followed up [ 8,9 ] . Decision Following points are drawn from our survey:  · CAH is fundamentally a disease of early babyhood  · The usual presenting ailments are really common like purging, desiccation and failure to boom.  · Prompt intervention with replacing therapy can efficaciously abort a life endangering province. How to cite Congenital Adrenal Hyper Plasia Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Parts of Speech Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Parts of Speech Persuasive Essay Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: the verb, the noun, the pronoun, the adjective, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection. Each part Of speech explains not What the word is, but how the word is used. In fact, the same overdo can be a noun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the next The next few examples show how a words part Of speech can change from one sentence to the next, and following them is a series of sections on the individual parts Of speech, followed by an exercise. Books are made Of ink, paper, and glue. In this sentence, books is a noun, the subject of the sentence. Deborah waits patiently while Bridget books the tickets. Here books is a verb, and its subject is Bridget. We walk down the street. In this sentence, walk is a verb, and its subject is the pronoun we. The mail carrier stood on the walk. In this example, uvula is a noun, which is part of a prepositional phrase describing where the mail carrier stood. The town decided to build a new jail. Here jail is a noun, which is the object of the infinitive phrase to build. The sheriff told us that if we did not leave town immediately he would jail us. Here jail is part Of the compound verb would jail. They heard high pitched cries in the middle of the night. In this sentence, cries is a noun acting as the direct object of the verb heard. The baby cries all night long and all day long. But here cries is a verb that describes the actions of the subject of the sentence, the baby, An adjective adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:The truck-shaped alone floated over the treetops. Mrs Morrison papered her kitchen walls vivid hideous wall paper. The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea. The coal mines are dark and dank. Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music. A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard. The back room was filled with large, yellow rain boots. An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb. In the sentence husband knits intricately patterned mittens. For example, the adverb intricately modifies the adjective pattered. Some nouns, many pronouns, and many participle phrases can also act as adjectives. In the concentrations listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hidden under her pillow. For example, both highlighted adjectives are past participles. Grammarians also consider articles (the, a, an) to be adjectives. Possessive Adjectives possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun: however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase, as in the following sentences:l ant complete my assignment because dont have the textbook. In this sentence, the possessive adjective my modifies assignment and the noun phrase my assignment functions as an object. Note that the possessive pronoun form mine is not used to modify a noun or noun phrase. What is your phone number. Here the possessive adjective your is used to modify the noun phrase phone number; the entire noun phrase your phone number is a subject complement. Note that the possessive pronoun form yours is not used to modify a noun or a noun phrase. The bakery sold his favorite type of bread. Revolutionary war involement EssayThe diagram below shows some of the more important speech organs. This kind of diagram helps us to understand what we observe in others but is less useful in understanding our own speech Scientists can now place small cameras into the mouths of experimental subjects, and observe some of the physical movements that accompany speech. But most Of LIST moue our vocal organs by reflexes or a sense of the sound we want to produce, and are not likely to benefit from watching movement in topical fold. The diagram is a simplified cross-section through the human head which we could not see in reality in a living speaker, though a simulation might be instructive. But eve do observe some external signs Of speech sounds apart from what we hear. MORPHOLOGY Morphology is a field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language. A morpheme is the smallest indivisible unit of a language that retains meaning. The rules of morphology within a language tend to be relatively regular, so that if one sees then morphemes for the first time, for example, one can deduce that it is likely related to the word morpheme. There are three main types of languages when it comes to morphology: two theses reapportionments, meaning that words are dad up of connected morphemes, One type of polytheistic language is a fusion or inflected language, in which morphemes are squeezed together and often changed dramatically in the process. English is a good example off fusion language. The other type of polytheistic language is an agglutinative language, in which morphemes are connected but remain more or less unchanged many Native American languages, as well as Swahili, Japanese, German and Hungarian, demonstrate this. At the other end of the spectrum are the analytic or isolating languages, in which a great majority of morphemes main independent words Mandarin is the best example of this. Morphology studies all of these different types of languages and how they relate to one another as well. This can be a confusing concept, so an example may be helpful. Looking at the morphology of English, which is not a particularly inflected language in its modern form, but retains a number Of remnants, we could create the word frighteningly, which is made up of four morphemes: fright, Which sis noun; en, Which converts the noun to a verb; ins, Which converts it to an adjective; and lay, which converts it to an adverb. Over time, languages end to become less and less inflected particularly when a lot Of intercultural contact occurs. In morphology, this is because the languages become criticized as various pidgins used for communicating between disparate groups become natively spoken, and inter-communication in the pidgins is facilitated by dropping inflections. Although you may be used to seeing certain forms in a specific context such as conjugations at the end of a word they can express themselves in a number of different ways. Aside from the English use of prefix and suffix, words can also be inflected by changing the sound of a vowel called n umlaut or by placing an affix right in the middle of the word. Affixes can also be quite lengthy, not just little bites of sound in Quiches, for example, there are a number oft-syllable affixes. Though most people never formally study morphology, it is something native speakers understand intuitively. Any time a person learns a narrowed and immediately comes up with any number of forms for that word ? past tense, plural, a noun form they are applying the rules of morphology subconsciously to determine what the new form should be. SYNTAX: Syntax, the arrangement Of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the duty of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts. In a language such as English, the main device for showing the relationship among words is word order; e. G. , in The girl loves the boy, the subject is in initial position, and the Object follows the verb. Transposing them changes the meaning. In many other languages. Case markers indicate the grammatical relationships. In Latin, for example, The girl loves the boy may be paella perfume mat with the girl in initial position, or perfume paella mat with the boy in initial position, or mat paella perfume, mat perfume paella, or paella mat perfume.